These are among the most complicated stenoses to treat. Laryngeal involvement is always feared.

The example shown here illustrates sub-glottic stenosis with vocal cord involvement.

Patients with sub-glottic stenosis should be informed that tracheostomy is sometimes necessary.

Stents are usually poorly tolerated. Silicone stents can migrate, while Montgomery T tubes can lead to granuloma formation just below the vocal cords.

These complications are attributable to the laryngeal mobility associated with swallowing.